Acupuncture originated in China ancient times, ancient primitive society of human, because living in a cave, located in the damp, and fight with the beast, so much happened rheumatism and create pain, when somewhere with body pain, except prayer ghosts and gods, naturally use objects to rubbing, maul to alleviate the pain, or in a wedge shape stones taps, the portion of the form or let out some blood to make more significant curative effect, and the used stone needle as tools of medical treatment method, which is the buds of acupuncture. "The book of mountains and seas" records that "the mountain of gao shi, stone such as jade, can be admonish. This is evidence that ancient people used needle stones instead of needles to cure diseases. In 1963, a polished stone leather was unearthed at the neolithic site of toudaowa, dorenqi, Inner Mongolia autonomous region. It was identified as the original tool for acupuncture. As recorded in the article on suwen · different methods and methods, "the eastern region, where heaven and earth are born, the land of fish and salt, the coastal waters, the people eat salty food, and their diseases are carbuncle selection, the treatment of bian-stone is appropriate, so bian-stone people also come from the east. It shows that bian-stone healing is inseparable from the environment and historical conditions of human beings at that time. With the continuous development of human wisdom and social production technology, needles have gradually developed from stone needles and bone needles into bronze needles, iron needles, gold needles, silver needles, and even modern stainless steel needles.

The invention of moxibustion, when people know to use fire. When there is pain in a certain part of the body, it feels comfortable or relieved by the fire, so it is realized that long ironing can be used for treatment, and then moxibustion developed from various branches. "Plain ask · different method method appropriate discussion piece" record: "the north, heaven and earth is closed to hide the domain also, its gaoling residence, cold wind, cold, its folk music wild place and milk, dirty cold born full disease, its treatment appropriate moxification rui. So moxibustion rui people, also from the north. This indicates that the invention of moxibustion is closely related to the cold living environment.

The academic development of acupuncture and moxibustion has experienced a long history. In recent years, in gansu, ningxia, maqishan, huaiyang, yu county of henan, zhenjiang city of jiangsu and other places, medical needles made of bronze bone during the xia and shang dynasties have been found, which reflects a side of the early medical appearance of acupuncture and moxibustion.

Development of acupuncture and moxibustion

After the emergence of acupuncture and moxibustion, with the accumulation of practical experience and the penetration of ancient philosophy and other natural science knowledge, the theoretical system of acupuncture and moxibustion began to form, develop and constantly improve, which can be roughly summarized as the following stages.

(I) the beginning of the theoretical system of acupuncture and moxibustion

This stage is mainly through personal clinical practice of acupuncture and moxibustion knowledge of the preliminary understanding, about "huangdi neijing" before the book. There are some famous doctors in the spring and autumn period, such as qi bo, bo gao, shao yu and so on. In 1973, a medical silk manuscript unearthed from mawangdui no.3 han tomb in changsha, hunan province, contains two ancient meridians, namely "eleven moxibustion meridians of the foot and arm" and "eleven moxibustion meridians of Yin and Yang". Among them, the circulation distribution, disease manifestation and moxibustion method of eleven meridians are discussed, which is the earliest extant literature on acupuncture and moxibustion, and reflects the early appearance of the understanding of meridians and collaterals system.

(ii) establishment of theoretical system of acupuncture and moxibustion

Mainly from the warring states to qin and han dynasties, to the yellow emperor of the book of internal classics as a sign. Huangdi neijing takes Yin and Yang, five elements, zang-fu organs, meridians and collaterals, qi, blood and body fluid as the main contents, and discusses the physiological pathology, diagnosis and treatment methods and principles of the human body as a whole, thus laying a theoretical system for TCM. Among them, the circulation of meridians and collaterals, diseases, acupoints, acupuncture methods, indications, contraindications and so on are also discussed in detail. In particular, there is a large amount of space in lingshu devoted to acupuncture theory and clinical treatment, so it is called "acupuncture meridian", which indicates the basic formation of the theoretical system of acupuncture and moxibustion. During this period, the book huangdi's 81 difficult classics was written in the han dynasty, with the purpose of clarifying huangdi's internal classics. At the same time, the theory and application of wuxu acupoints are explained in detail with the theory of wuhui acupoints and the theory of wuxing acupoints. The lost "treatment of Ming tang acupoints" should be a monograph on acupoints in this period. Hua tuo also has a good knowledge of acupuncture and moxibustion. Zhang zhongjing founded the six classics of the eastern han dynasty. In his treatise on miscellaneous typhoid diseases, he also recorded many prescriptions of acupuncture and moxibustion. These achievements have enriched the development of acupuncture and moxibustion.

(iii) academic development period of acupuncture and moxibustion

Wei-jin era of huang-fu mi between dew wei (256-260), the "element asked", the "pivot" and the hall cavity acupuncture to cure "three books for acupuncture content remit a, compiled into the acupuncture by party a and party b, included in the name of the 349 acupuncture points, positioning and moxibustion, and the various branches of disease and has carried on the induction and acupuncture treatment, become the oldest acupuncture book, is after the huangdi neijing, acupuncture and a summary, in the history of acupuncture have played an important role in the future. During the jin dynasty and the southern and northern dynasties, with the deepening of clinical practice of acupuncture and moxibustion, many clinicians and monographs on acupuncture and moxibustion appeared. For example, ge hong, a famous physician in the jin dynasty, wrote a book named "elbow backup urgent prescription", containing 109 acupuncture and moxibustion prescriptions, 99 of which were moxibustion prescriptions, which greatly promoted the clinical application of moxibustion. In the sui and tang dynasties, acupuncture and moxibustion has made great progress. In the early tang dynasty, acupuncture and moxibustion has become a specialized discipline with professional titles such as "acupuncture master" and "moxibustion master". Zhen quan and sun simiao from sui dynasty to early tang dynasty were great medical scientists proficient in various fields of traditional Chinese medicine. They also made outstanding achievements in acupuncture and moxibustion. Zhen quan is the author of "needle square", "needle money" and "Ming tang humanoid map" (all lost). During the reign of zhenguan (AD 627~649), the tang government organized the right of selection and others to revise the map sutra of Ming dynasty, which showed the importance attached to acupuncture and moxibustion at that time. Sun simiao in hurry daughter s widely collected before the generation of acupuncture doctor's experience and personal experience, and draw the "hall three figure," the body front, sides and rear of the twelve meridians marked by five colors, strange through eight veins with green mark, become the first color meridians in the history of figure (reporting), he also used the "o is hole" and "refers to the" law ". In addition, the platform and the secret to outside and Cui Zhiti Wang Dao of the steaming bone disease moxibustion party included a large number of moxibustion treat experience, you can see two jin and tang dynasty era, the application of moxibustion is more prevalent. The tang dynasty was the beginning of the establishment of the national education system of acupuncture and moxibustion. The tang taiyi medical administration was responsible for the medical education, and the department of acupuncture and moxibustion included "one doctor of acupuncture, one assistant professor of acupuncture, ten teachers of acupuncture, twenty workers of acupuncture and moxibustion, and twenty students of acupuncture and moxibustion", which laid the foundation for regulating the education of acupuncture and moxibustion.

After the tang dynasty, the five dynasties, liao, song, jin and yuan dynasties successively established more perfect acupuncture and moxibustion institutions and education system, and set up acupuncture and moxibustion departments. Wang weiyi, an acupuncturist in the northern song dynasty, made pioneering work in acupoint examination and teaching AIDS of acupuncture and moxibustion. He re-examined 354 acupoints of the Ming dynasty, and in 1026 AD, he wrote the tongren acupoints acumoxibustion graph sutra, which was engraved and engraved by the government. In 1027 AD, he designed two bronze figures, with meridians and acupoints carved on the outside and internal organs embedded, for acupuncture teaching and examination. This effectively promoted the standardization of acupuncture and moxibustion science and opened up a new path for the cultivation of acupuncture and moxibustion talents. At the same time, the invention of printing in song dynasty promoted the accumulation and dissemination of literature on acupuncture and moxibustion. Acupuncture and moxibustion experts in the southern song dynasty, known as qinian, wrote the preparation of urgent moxibustion method and wang zhizhong wrote the acupuncture and moxibustion resources and origin classics, which are practical monographs summarizing clinical experience of acupuncture and moxibustion. Wang shi attached great importance to practice, and collected a lot of folk clinical experience in his works. He was good at moxibustion and the use of pressure points to diagnose and treat diseases. He ruoyu of the jin dynasty founded the meridian flow needling method, which advocated timely acupoint selection and had a great influence on later generations. Ma Danyang, DouHanQing all have certain research in the aspect of clinical application of acupoints, such as use Ma Danyang "star 12 holes," DouShi good at application "eight veins rendezvous point." in the yuan dynasty slide boren courses of meridians and its related acupoints has carried on the textual research, the 14 after the play, for the first time, second pulse and the twelve meridians and referred to as the "14", for the later study meridian provided valuable documents. In addition, ethnic minorities in China have also made some contributions to acupuncture and moxibustion. For example, Mongolian academician hu taibili once wrote the illustration of jin LAN's acupoint selection in the circulation of sutras. Although it has been lost, the original appearance can be seen from the play of the fourteen sutras.

History of Ming dynasty is acupuncture active period, the performance of the concrete before the generation of acupuncture literature collection of and study, appeared many academic schools and schools of thought contend, created the abundant acupuncture technique, for no return of the acupuncture points are summarized and the formation of "singular point" of the physicians representative and work with Chen will have god, xu of the acupuncture and moxibustion, Gao Wu "acupuncture gather the play", of the acupuncture and moxibustion dacheng, Wu Kun Yang Jizhou needle party six episodes, of the acupuncture to ask for, Zhang Jiebin Wang Ji figure wing "class", li shizhen's strange through eight veins test etc. The complete works of acupuncture and moxibustion collected and reviewed the acupuncture techniques. "Acupuncture and moxibustion ask right" set up more than 80 academic questions on acupuncture and moxibustion, is a book of academic contention. This is the third summary of acupuncture and moxibustion science after acupuncture and moxibustion classic a and b. This book is Yang jizhou's collection of academic views and practical experience of acupuncture and moxibustion in various dynasties on the basis of the secret to the mysterious mechanism of health acupuncture and moxibustion in the family biography. It is an important reference for later generations to study and study acupuncture and moxibustion.

(iv) the flourishing time of acupuncture and moxibustion

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the cause of acupuncture and moxibustion of traditional Chinese medicine enjoyed an unprecedented prosperity as the party and the state formulated policies to develop traditional Chinese medicine. Acupuncture and moxibustion is a compulsory course for students of traditional Chinese medicine colleges and universities. In the early 1980s, acupuncture and moxibustion departments were successively established in various traditional Chinese medicine colleges and universities, which used the national unified teaching materials of acupuncture and moxibustion, and gradually carried out the cultivation of master and doctoral students of acupuncture and moxibustion, forming a complete system of teaching, medical treatment and scientific research of acupuncture and moxibustion. Since April 1945, when yan 'an Bethune international peace hospital first set up acupuncture and moxibustion department in China's general hospital, many western hospitals have set up acupuncture and moxibustion department, and some western medical colleges and universities have also opened TCM acupuncture and moxibustion courses. Acupuncture and moxibustion hospitals or branches have also been established in some provinces and cities. With the vigorous development of acupuncture and moxibustion, great achievements have been made in acupuncture and moxibustion teaching, medical treatment and scientific research. In the early 1950s, I mainly summarized the literature of acupuncture and moxibustion, observed the indications of acupuncture and moxibustion, and elucidates the knowledge system of acupuncture and moxibustion with the rules of modern disciplines. From the late 1950s to the 1960s, the literature on ancient acupuncture and moxibustion was studied in depth. The clinical efficacy of acupuncture and moxibustion was summarized extensively, and experimental studies were carried out to observe the effects of acupuncture and moxibustion on the functions of various systems and organs, and to reveal the basic functions of acupuncture and moxibustion. Acupuncture anesthesia was carried out. Since the 70 s, the application of nerve physiology, anatomy, chemistry, biochemistry, immunology, molecular biology and sound, light, electricity, magnetic, and other advanced means of modern science and technology, the related question has carried on the thorough study of acupuncture, especially for acupuncture treatment mechanism and principle of analgesia have a more profound understanding. Acupuncture and moxibustion are also expanding in the treatment of diseases. Clinical practice has shown that acupuncture and moxibustion has certain therapeutic effects on more than 300 kinds of diseases and syndromes in internal, external, gynecological, pediatric, facial features, bone injury and other departments, and has a good or very good effect on about 100 kinds of diseases and syndromes. Many scholars have also carried out research on acupuncture techniques.